![]() In 1612, a Virginia governor declared the death penalty for a person that denied the Trinity under Virginia's Laws Divine, Moral and Martial, which also outlawed blasphemy, speaking badly of ministers and royalty, and "disgraceful words". A 1646 Massachusetts law, for example, punished persons who denied the immortality of the soul. The most stringent controls on speech in the colonial period were controls that outlawed or otherwise censored speech that was considered blasphemous in a religious sense. During English colonialism in America, there were fewer prosecutions for seditious libel than England, but other controls over dissident speech existed. The colonies originally had very different views on the protection of free speech. Until 1694 England had an elaborate system of licensing no publication was allowed without the accompaniment of the government-granted license. ![]() Lord Chief Justice John Holt, writing in 1704–1705, explained the rationale for the prohibition: "For it is very necessary for all governments that the people should have a good opinion of it." The objective truth of a statement in violation of the libel law was not a defense. The English criminal common law of seditious libel made criticizing the government a crime. History įurther information: Early American publishers and printers England ĭuring colonial times, English speech regulations were rather restrictive. When a speech restriction is challenged in court, it is presumed invalid and the government bears the burden of convincing the court that the restriction is constitutional. Within these limited areas, other limitations on free speech balance rights to free speech and other rights, such as rights for authors over their works ( copyright), protection from imminent or potential violence against particular persons, restrictions on the use of untruths to harm others ( slander and libel), and communications while a person is in prison. Ĭategories of speech that are given lesser or no protection by the First Amendment include obscenity (as determined by the Miller test), fraud, child pornography, speech integral to illegal conduct, speech that incites imminent lawless action, and regulation of commercial speech such as advertising. prohibits most government restrictions or burdens that discriminate between speakers, restricts the tort liability of individuals for certain speech, and prevents the government from requiring individuals and corporations to speak or finance certain types of speech with which they do not agree. The First Amendment's freedom of speech right not only proscribes most government restrictions on the content of speech and ability to speak, but also protects the right to receive information, Some laws may restrict the ability of private businesses and individuals from restricting the speech of others, such as employment laws that restrict employers' ability to prevent employees from disclosing their salary to coworkers or attempting to organize a labor union. ![]() However, It can be restricted by time, place and manner in limited circumstances. The First Amendment's constitutional right of free speech, which is applicable to state and local governments under the incorporation doctrine, prevents only government restrictions on speech, not restrictions imposed by private individuals or businesses unless they are acting on behalf of the government. ![]() The Supreme Court of the United States has recognized several categories of speech that are given lesser or no protection by the First Amendment and has recognized that governments may enact reasonable time, place, or manner restrictions on speech. The term "freedom of speech" embedded in the First Amendment encompasses the decision what to say as well as what not to say. Freedom of speech, also called free speech, means the free and public expression of opinions without censorship, interference and restraint by the government. Constitution, many state constitutions, and state and federal laws. In the United States, freedom of speech and expression is strongly protected from government restrictions by the First Amendment to the U.S. The Newseum's five freedoms guaranteed by the First Amendment to the U.S. For restrictions on free speech in other countries, see Freedom of speech § Limitations.
0 Comments
![]() The installation instructions and manuals for IBM SPSS Statistics Desktop and Developer. IBM SPSS Desktop and Developer Documentation IBM SPSS Statistics Developer Trial Version IBM SPSS Statistics Desktop Trial version IBM SPSS Statistics 21 Desktop Academic version You only need the one that is appropriate for your computer. The complete list of eAssemblies and associated eImages is provided below.įor Windows, there are 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the product eImage. The eAssemblies contain all required and optional eImages for each download package. You can download entire eAssemblies or individual eImages. If you select this eImage in Passport Advantage, a zip archive named SPSS_Statistics_21_Doc_en.zip will be included in the download directory.įor assistance with all questions on generating and accessing authorization codes, including how to enable additional add-on modules that you purchase, go to:Īny customer with an active support contract can seek activation assistance by logging a support request online or by phone via links available at Download Options If you select this eAssembly in Passport Advantage, a zip archive named SPSS_Statistics_21_DocInstall.zip will be included in the download directory.įor the Server version, the installation instructions are included in the IBM SPSS Statistics Server Documentation 21.0 English eImage CI9TWEN. Follow the installation instructions provided in the download to install the product.įor the Desktop and Developer versions, the installation instructions are included in the IBM SPSS Statistics Desktop/Developer Installation Documentation 21.0 Multilingual (CI9W9ML) eImage. Unpack each of the parts into a single temporary directory on your system.ģ. Download all of the parts that you need, both required and optional.Ģ. Each eAssembly contains all of the required and optional downloads needed for a particular product and platform combination.ġ. ![]() There is an option to download each licensed eAssembly. The required and optional parts for each product are listed and described in detail. When the download has finished, Download complete appears in the Download Director dialog. Use the plus sign icon to expand the files in the download of your choice in order to avoid downloading unnecessary files. If you are prompted, click OK to create the directory where you want the downloaded items to be stored. ![]() In the Initial Setup dialog, change the Default download location, if you want.Under Review downloading specifics, update the Download method or the Download location, if you want, and then click I agree, and click Download now.If applicable, under Select optional downloads, expand and select the items you want.Under Review “Current version” downloads, expand Current version and under Description, select the download you want, expand it and select the items you want.Under Download options, select the options you want, and click Continue.Under Select criteria, select a language and one or more platforms.Under Download finder, select the download you want, and click Continue.In the Find downloads & media window, click Download finder.If the Software download & media access window appears, click I agree.If you are a returning customer, sign in. The correct name is "IBM SPSS Amos 21.sms".To download a product, go to the IBM Passport Advantage® Web Site and then: The Network License Adminstrator's Guide incorrectly refers to "Amos 21.0.sms".The correct name is "IBM SPSS Amos 21.msi". The Network License Administrator's Guide incorrectly refers to a file named "Amos 21.0.msi".This will be addressed in a future release. Checking out a commuter license and disconnecting from the network does not work.Using SEM, you can quickly create models to test hypotheses and confirm relationships among observed and latent variables-moving beyond regression to gain additional insight.įor information on system requirements and installation, see the installation instructions.įor information on downloading the product, see the Download Document. IBM SPSS Amos gives you the power to easily perform structural equation modeling (SEM). ![]() ![]() Multipurpose for media consumption of all types. High-end specifications without a premium price tag.Īdditional memory for multitasking with optional wireless charging and Show Mode to deliver an Echo-like experience.Ĭrystal-clear views, great for streaming, with a long battery life, all at an affordable price. Note: Google Play Store is not supported on Fire tablets.Subscribe to Amazon Kids+ for access to thousands of books, popular apps and games, videos, songs, Audible books and more. Amazon Kids offers easy-to-use parental controls on Fire tablets.Control your smart home or ask Alexa to make video calls to friends and family with apps such as Zoom. Do more with Alexa: ask Alexa to listen to music, get news and weather, update shopping lists and set reminders.Stay connected with family and friends: ask Alexa to make video calls to friends and family, or download apps like Zoom.As measured in tumble tests, Fire HD 8 is twice as durable as the Apple iPad mini (2021). Screen made with strengthened aluminosilicate glass. New design is thinner and lighter than previous generation. Choose from 32 GB or 64 GB (up to 1 TB of expandable storage with microSD card). Fire HD 8 offers 8-inch HD display and 2 GB RAM.Enjoy your favourite content from BBC iPlayer, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, NOW and more through the Amazon Appstore. Stream or download your favourite series and films from Prime Video, Netflix and Disney+.Up to 13 hours of reading, browsing the web, watching videos and listening to music at home and on the go.Enhanced performance: updated hexa-core processor for more responsive performance (30% faster than previous generation Fire HD 8).To learn more about how and for what purposes Amazon uses personal information (such as Amazon Store order history), please visit our Privacy Notice. You can change your choices at any time by visiting Cookie Preferences, as described in the Cookie Notice. ![]() Click ‘Customise Cookies’ to decline these cookies, make more detailed choices, or learn more. Third parties use cookies for their purposes of displaying and measuring personalised ads, generating audience insights, and developing and improving products. ![]() This includes using first- and third-party cookies, which store or access standard device information such as a unique identifier. If you agree, we’ll also use cookies to complement your shopping experience across the Amazon stores as described in our Cookie Notice. We also use these cookies to understand how customers use our services (for example, by measuring site visits) so we can make improvements. As a reminder, these deals expire Aug.We use cookies and similar tools that are necessary to enable you to make purchases, to enhance your shopping experiences and to provide our services, as detailed in our Cookie Notice. So whether you're back to school shopping or just looking to pick up a cheap tablet or reader, don't miss Best Buy's flash sale. Plus, you can highlight passages, look up definitions, translate words, and adjust text size-without ever leaving the page. This eReader's 6-inch matte display reads like real paper and is visible in direct sunlight. Prices start at $64 ($35) for the Kindle Paperwhite. If you're looking for the cheapest Amazon tablet you can get, the Amazon Fire 7 is now just $39 ($20 off).īest Buy's flash sale also knocks up to $95 on Amazon Kindle e-readers. If you're looking for a cheap tablet for streaming content, now 50% off, the Fire HD 10 is a no-brainer. This is the lowest price we've seen for this tablet since Amazon's Prime Day sale back in July. It usually costs $150, so that's $45 in savings or 50% off. From now through Aug.6, save up to 50% on Amazon Fire tablets with prices starting from just $39.Īs part of the sale, you can get the Amazon Fire HD 10 for just $74.99. Best Buy's 48-hour flash sale offers fantastic discounts on Amazon branded devices. You can use certain applications or Password managers to store them up. So, in this case, your best option is to use a Password Generator to assign you a password, not even you can memorize. Memorable passwords are also guessable, and if a breach exposes one of your all-the-same passwords, you’ve compromised all your accounts. Also, don’t try to ease up your password approach, don’t be lazy. It’s not reliable to choose a password that represents something in your life. With it, you can create random, strong, and even customized passwords to protect you from various cyber threats. If in doubt, go directly to the official website of the bank or other service you’re trying to access using your own bookmark or by typing the legitimate address of the service yourself.30-Day Money-Back Guarantee What’s a Password Generator?Ī Password Generator is a perfect tool to increase your online safety and secure your various accounts online. Scammers can copy the look of a company’s communications to fool you into clicking a phony link or attachment, so use caution with links that appear in unsolicited emails, social media, or SMS messages. Never share your password in response to an email or phone call - for example, to verify your identity - even if it appears to be from a trusted company or person.Īlways access websites using trusted links. ![]() Treat all unexpected requests for sensitive info with caution. For example, a crook may have hijacked a friend’s account and sent email to everyone in the friend’s address book. Here are some guidelines to follow to protect your passwords and other sensitive information:īe wary of anyone who is requesting sensitive info from you, even if it appears to be someone you know or a company you trust. (You may have heard these con games referred to as " social engineering".) If you receive an email message that appears to be from an online store (like eBay or Amazon) or a phone call from your “bank” that tries to convince you of the “legitimate” need for your password or other sensitive information, it could be a phishing scam. (Just be sure they make sense to you, so you'll remember them.) Don’t be tricked into revealing your passwordsĬriminals can try to break your password, but sometimes it’s easier to exploit human nature and trick you into revealing it. For example, if the question is "Where were you born?" you might answer "Green." Answers like these can’t be found by trolling Twitter or Facebook. Tip: If you’re asked to create answers to security questions, provide an unrelated answer. Don't write them on sticky notes or cards that you keep near the thing the password protects, even if you think they're well-hidden. It's ok to write your passwords down, as long as you keep them secure. See Save or forget passwords in Microsoft Edge. Microsoft Edge can remember your passwords for you and automatically fill them in for you when needed. The best password managers will automatically update stored passwords, keep them encrypted, and require multi-factor authentication for access. If you don’t want to memorize multiple passwords, consider using a password manager. That's called a " Credential stuffing attack" and it's extremely common. If crooks steal your account information from one site, they'll try to use those credentials on hundreds of other well-known websites, such as banking, social media, or online shopping, hoping you've reused the password elsewhere. Never send a password by email, instant message, or any other means of communication that is not reliably secure. Once you’ve created a strong password, follow these guidelines to keep it secure:ĭon’t share a password with anyone. ![]() See Use Password Generator to create secure passwords. Tip: Don't want to think up your own strong passwords? Microsoft Edge can create and remember strong, unique, passwords for you. ![]() ![]() The mission will also include semiconductors companies, pharmaceutical giants Pfizer (PFE.N) and Johnson & Johnson (PFE.N), medical device maker Abbott (ABT.N), financial firms Visa (V.N) and Citibank (C.N), internet and cloud companies Meta (META.O) and Amazon Web Services (AMZN.O), the list showed. SpaceX did not respond to a request for comment. Why Big Data is Big Business: The Netflix Example. Netflix is unarguably the biggest online platform. But it had only 1.9 billion in positive free cash flow for that year. Lets take a look at how some of the worlds largest brands made Big Data a part of their core business. Thanh said some companies were interested in Vietnam as a manufacturing hub and in providing services to increasingly wealthy consumers at a time when economic growth reached more than 8% last year.Īmong them is SpaceX, which is looking to sell its satellite internet services to Vietnam and other countries in the region, Thanh said. Netflix made an operating income of 4.6 billion in 2020. Participants will have meetings with Vietnam's top political and regulatory leadership, including with Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh. Production costs for House of Cards ’ first season were more than 63 million, and, even though figuring out the cost per episode is more complicated than averaging it out, it stands to reason. Some companies are also coming to get a better sense of the political situation after recent turmoil in the Communist-Party led country, including the resignation of the president in January, Thanh added. The majority of the companies joining the business mission already have a business or manufacturing presence in Vietnam, including Apple (AAPL.O), Coca-Cola (KO.N) and PepsiCo (PEP.O), Thanh said, with some planning to expand it. ![]() Lockheed Martin and Bell did not respond to requests for comment. Wall Street once valued the company at about 300 billion a number on par with many Big Tech companies that Netflix (NFLX) ’s business model ultimately couldn’t live up to. Boeing said in a statement that its discussions with officials would focus on its growing partnership with Vietnam and ways to strengthen the country's aviation and defence capabilities. For 1979, the Ford LTD was downsized though 8 inches shorter than the Thunderbird, the LTD offered larger interior dimensions.įor 1980, Ford moved the Thunderbird to an extended-wheelbase variant of the Ford Fox platform. For 1978, General Motors downsized its mid-size A-body line (with exterior dimensions closely matching its "compact" lines) the redesign was well-received, with the Oldsmobile Cutlass becoming the best-selling car in the United States in 19. ![]() However, by the 1979 model year, the Thunderbird had become obsolete in comparison to both its competitors and within the Ford model line. ![]() In only three years in the marketplace, the model line proved successful, selling over 955,000 examples. Though reduced in size, the downsized Thunderbird saw increased competition, marketed against the Chrysler Cordoba, Dodge Charger,ĭodge Magnum and the quartet of GM A-body coupes ( Buick Regal, Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, and Pontiac Grand Prix). Replacing the relatively obscure Ford Elite, the Thunderbird remained in the personal luxury segment, becoming the Ford counterpart of the Mercury Cougar XR7. Previously a Ford version of the Continental Mark IV coupe, the 1977 Thunderbird adopted the Ford Torino intermediate-segment chassis. In response, Ford repackaged the Thunderbird for the 1977 model year. The eighth-generation Thunderbird was assembled by Ford at Atlanta Assembly, Lorain Assembly, and Chicago Assembly the former two facilities are now closed.ĭuring the late 1970s, fuel economy became a leading objective of the redesigns of American-brand automobiles as part of the introduction of CAFE, manufacturers that sold cars in the United States were required to average 20.0 MPG for their passenger cars by the 1980 model year. ![]() In response, the 1983 ninth-generation Thunderbird received an extensive redesign of the exterior (though sharing nearly identical chassis underpinnings), as Ford sought to remarket the model line. While better-handling and more fuel-efficient than its Torino-based predecessor, the eighth-generation Thunderbird was poorly received by critics and buyers, leading to a collapse in sales (combined 1980–1982 production outsold 1979 production by only 4,000 cars). For a second generation, the Thunderbird remained the Ford counterpart of the Mercury Cougar XR7 while the Cougar again served as a complete line of mid-sized cars in various body styles starting with 1981 models, the Thunderbird was offered solely as a two-door personal luxury coupe. Introduced to commemorate the 25th year of the Thunderbird, the eighth generation was substantially downsized, transitioning further into the mid-size segment. The eighth generation of the Ford Thunderbird is a personal luxury coupe that was manufactured and marketed by Ford from the 1980 to 1982 model years. ![]() DETAILS 60" L x 15 3/4" W x 50" H Height is adjustable by adding/removing rods (see photos) 36 inch down-rod from ceiling outlet (expandable by 6" with included down-rod) 14-inch hook-rods connect each corner chandelier to ceiling down-rod junction Four additional down-rods included to adjust chandelier to ceiling height (Note: Requires minimum of 10-foot ceiling) Hand-forged and bent angle-iron ring, edged by upraised bulbs Sheet metal wraps the sockets Cast ceiling plate has a textured finish Rated for twenty-four 25W max. RH currently sells only the 52" linear version of the Camino chandelier ($1,995 plus shipping.) The 52" version seemed too small for our 86" dining room table so we purchased the 60" version. Drawing inspiration from early 20th century industrial fixtures, it's built of stout angle iron. 30.00 coupon applied at checkout Save 30.00 with coupon. RH Modern's Camino Rectangular Outdoor Chandelier 52':Rustic in style, simple in form and grandly sized, our hand-forged chandelier designed by industrial blacksmith Jon Sarriugarte makes an elegant statement. ![]() Turns out the minimum ceilng height is 10 ft (which was the height of our former home's dining room. Modern LED Chandelier 10 Rings Rectangle Chandelier Dimmable With Remote Control Gold Pendant Light 120in Adjustable Height Long Staircase Chandeliers Foyer High Ceiling Light Fixture Chandeliers. We purchased this chandelier for our new home, but didn't check to ensure we'd have enough clearance with our 9 ft ceiling. Elevate your space with the 38 Camino Vintage Round Chandelier from American Chandeliers. Turn OFF power to the junction box where the fixture will be. Carefully remove all parts from the box and remove plastic coverings. '-)() /01’ REVISION 04-22-22 RH.COM SHUT OFF THE MAIN ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FROM THE FUSE BOX OR CIRCUIT BREAKER PANEL. Box was opened but fixture was never installed. Rustic in style, simple in form and grandly sized, our hand-forged chandelier designed by industrial blacksmith Jon Sarriugarte makes an elegant statement. CAMINO’COLLECTION ' & RECTANGULAR’ &+’ ,-’ &. Rustic in style, simple in form and grandly sized, this hand-forged chandelier designed by industrial blacksmith Jon Sarriugarte makes an elegant statement. ![]() Shipped with USPS Priority at no additional charge. At RH, Restoration Hardware, discover luxury, high-quality chandeliers, pendants and flushmounts. Restoration Hardware Camino Vintage Filament Rectangular Chandelier 60". RHs Camino Vintage Candelabra Chandelier Collection:Camino Vintage Candelabra Chandelier Collection. Item: 384085337903 Restoration Hardware Camino Vintage Filament Rectangular Chandelier (60 x 15.75). ![]() She Reads Truth is an online community of women who read the Bible together daily. Īvailable on iTunes App Store and Google Play. Why we like it: This app is perfect for starting your day in Scripture! This app offers easy to follow reading plans. *Daily Scriptural Teaching: When you turn off your First 5 reminder, you’ll go straight to a daily Teaching. *Reminder Functionality: Set up a reminder in the app and choose a custom message to bring you into the Word. Review your notes and activity through your Profile and use the new export feature to save them to your device. *Highlight, Save and Share: You can now highlight any portion of our daily teachings to bookmark, share or add a personal note. So, instead of your daily scripture being random, First 5 will help you start to sense real progress in your understanding of the Bible. *One Chapter a Day: We unpack books of the bible, focusing on one passage of scripture per day. It will equip you to better study and know the Word of God. First 5 was specifically designed to greet you with a short teaching in God’s Word first, before you get distracted by social media and everything else screaming for your attention. ![]() We believe in giving the Lord our firsts! So it only makes sense for us to give Him our first thoughts of each day. Transform your time with God using the First 5 app, developed by Proverbs 31 Ministries. Why we like it: We like the wide variety of content and options for Bible reading on this app. Read the Bible without an internet connection. Supports multiple Bible versions like KJV, NIV, ESV, etc. Read or Listen to any chapter from any book in Holy Bible easily. Save a Bible devotional podcast and listen to it offline ![]() Choose from a huge list of devotional podcasts. Listen to a wide range of Biblical Christian Devotions. Search from a wide range of Bible Versions like KJV, ESV, NIV and lots more. You can read or just listen.Įasy & Fast Search any Bible verse or topic: DailyBible can play back the reading plan. Choose from a wide range of Bible reading plans and read Holy Bible. Choose Bible verse in different versions like KJV, NIV, ESV, etc You will get automatic daily notification. Start your day with a daily Bible verse. Select your favorite Bible version and dive into the Word today! ![]() You can also have the Bible read to you with the audio feature. Grow in your faith with reading plans and devotionals. Stay encouraged with a new verse each day. Remember, you will also get a life application for each Bible verse and Scripture!ĭaily Bible App - Audio, Reading Plans, Devos * Get notified when the devotionals are availableĪ great way to receive your daily bread and encourage you to develop your spiritual life through praise and prayer. * Save your favorite devotionals to read later or to reference * Bible humor to bring laughter to your day * New Bible trivia each day to test your Bible knowledge * Share any devotional with your friends and family * Each devotional comes with a way to apply it to your life * A new Bible devotional is delivered to your app each day, twice a day * Encouraging Bible verse with each devotional * New devotionals available daily that help you grow as a believer But for those people we know who aren't church-goers, the daily devotionals can easily be shared with anyone! To deepen your devotional readings, receive Bible trivia each day with questions that help you engage with and memorize Scriptures followed by clean Bible humor to brighten your day.Īs a Christian, growing your personal relationship with God is important. Start and end your day meditating on God’s word with daily devotionals that are easy to understand and that you can apply to your life. Receive a morning and an evening Bible verse and devotional for every day of the year. Daily Bible Devotion is a free app that brings you daily verses & religious inspirational devotions. ![]() There have been a few times I have been in the salon and the owner, LaToya, made things uncomfortable. I would recommend the salon to anyone looking for hair, nail, lash or makeup services with only one exception. She is awesome and does an amazing job of covering my gray and dealing with my massively thick wavy hair.Īll of the staff I have had contact with have been amazing and are very service oriented. Ashley worked tirelessly to get the color to where we (mostly me) were both pleased with the results. I have a LOT of hair that takes in upwards of an hour to apply color to and to make matters worse it is a bit color resistant. Next, Ashley is the best! She stepped in when my previous colorist moved out of the area. I would recommend her services to anyone looking for a nail tech that will give you her best (which is awesome) and will not damage your nails. ![]() I found her when we first moved here 2 years ago and haven't looked back. She is so talented and I look forward to my appointments. This would be a 5 star review if it were just based on the staff I have had services from or had contact with, but unfortunately I have to base it on the entire experience.įirst the props, Crystal is the most incredible nail artist. The website includes detailed descriptions of all the available services, as well as information about the salon's team of professionals and the high-quality products used in all treatments. If you have any questions, comments, or feedback, don't hesitate to reach out to the salon by calling (209) 831-9301. The salon is located at 118 W 10th St, in Tracy, and visitors are welcome to drop by in person to meet the team and take a tour of the facility before booking.įor more information about the services offered at Mood on 10th salon, visit. Scheduling an appointment at Mood on 10th salon is easy and convenient. You can call the salon at (209) 831-9301, or use the online booking system on the salon's website. The salon places a strong emphasis on customer satisfaction and is always open to feedback and suggestions to ensure the best possible experience for each visit. In addition to providing a range of beauty services, Mood on 10th salon is also a place where individuals can come alone or with friends to relax and engage in some self-care. Whether you are interested in waxing, a full-body massage, a facial, or any other service, the professionals at the salon will ensure that you are well taken care of. ![]() Offering a luxurious blend of beauty treatments and unparalleled customer service, Mood on 10th salon is the perfect choice for women seeking a VIP experience.įrom the moment you step through the doors of Mood on 10th salon, you will feel fabulous. With a reputation for providing top-notch beauty services in a warm and relaxing environment, the salon is committed to ensuring the highest level of satisfaction for every client. Located in CA, Mood on 10th salon is a highly-regarded and well-known beauty salon that approaches beauty in a holistic manner. ![]() There are approximately 60 milligrams (1 grain) of theobromine in 28 grams (1 oz) of milk chocolate, while the same amount of dark chocolate contains about 200 milligrams (3 grains). There are usually higher concentrations in dark than in milk chocolate. Cocoa butter only contains trace amounts of theobromine. Theobromine is the primary alkaloid found in cocoa and chocolate. ![]() Chocolate is made from the cocoa bean, which is a natural source of theobromine. Sources A chocolate bar and molten chocolate. ĭespite its name, the compound contains no bromine, which is based on Greek bromos ("stench"). That name in turn is made up of the Greek roots theo (" god") and broma ("food"), meaning "food of the gods". Theobromine is derived from Theobroma, the name of the genus of the cacao tree, with the suffix -ine given to alkaloids and other basic nitrogen-containing compounds. Synthesis of theobromine from xanthine was first reported in 1882 by Hermann Emil Fischer. Theobromine was first discovered in 1841 in cacao beans by Russian chemist A. Related compounds include theophylline, caffeine, paraxanthine, and 7-methylxanthine, each of which differ in the number or placement of the methyl groups. It is also classified as a di methyl xanthine. Theobromine is a flat molecule, a derivative of purine. It is a white or colourless solid, but commercial samples can appear yellowish. It is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, including the leaves of the tea plant, and the kola nut. In industry, theobromine is used as an additive and precursor to some cosmetics. Theobromine is slightly water- soluble (330 mg/L) with a bitter taste. Theobromine, also known as xantheose, is the principal alkaloid of Theobroma cacao (cacao plant). |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |